SELF ESTEEM & SOCIAL ANXIETY Essay Example for Free

SELF ESTEEM SOCIAL ANXIETY EssaySelf compliments and Social AnxietyThe study searched measures of self- revere and genial care using self-report. Social Anxiety Disorder is someone who has the fear of being social with anyone or anything, said (Rasmussen and Pidgeon, 2011). Low self-consciousness is a cause of Social Anxiety Disorder. Research stated that there is evidence that individuals with social anxiety show low self-esteem (Baumeister Twenge, 2003). (Kocovski and Endlers, 2000) Social anxiety showed that low self-esteem had a gain in fears of negative evaluation, which in turn showed gains in social anxiety. A person who checks themself in a negative way get out think that others are of the same opinion, and this anticipation of negative evaluation of the self capacity result in anxiety in social situations (Kocovski Endler, 2000).It was hypothesized that higher levels of mindfulness would significantly predict higher levels of self- esteem. Recent experimental evidence has shown that mindfulness buffers self-esteem from negatively valenced social experiences, which in turn reduces defensive reactions to social threats. It was hypothesized that higher self- esteem would significantly predict lower social anxiety. It was predicted that mindfulness indirectly predicted lower social anxiety via self-esteem. (Fennel Jenkins, 2004) In this experiment it was an experiment to see the levels of low or high self- esteem, which would inflict a difference on social anxiety. The misbegotten age for this was 23.1 years old. The standard deviation was 6.72. In this experiment the percent of female students was 59%. There were coefficients ranging from 0.82- 0.86 in different studies. Results showed higher increases in self- esteem and said there were lower levels of social anxiety. This study for future research can be questioned like what variables influence the effectiveness in mindfulness devote in relation to self-esteem and social anxiety?These three different study groups could not differentiate on treatment dropout also families were more intrigued by GANA and PCIT, instead of TAU. We even hypothesized that PCIT would outperform TAU. Participants included 58 Mexican- American families. In this clinical sample, the children were in dire need of treatment. As stated, the IV is PCIT (Parent Child fundamental interaction Therapy), treatment as usual. GANA guided active children. The DV stated that there would be lower dropout, higher father participation, better outcomes, higher parent satisfaction. The studies mental status is social cultural. This is social cultural because it is studying the different social groups of different cultures of the society. A new question raised for possible future study is wherefore dropout rates do not differ?(Bandura, A. Ross, D., Ross, S.A) The advancement concerning the influence of the gender of the model and the sex of the children in impersonation of a sample experiment. The number of participants was 72. 36 boys and 36 girls had participated as the imitators of the experiment. The mean age of the children equals 37 to 69 months. The IV with operational definition was Aggressive vs. Non- combative children and same vs. Different sex. The DV is imitative responses (physical aggression, communicative aggression, and non-verbal responses. The result of this experiment was participants who observed fast-growing(a) models scored significantly higher in imitative responses including physical and verbal aggression as well as non aggressive verbal responses. The psychological perspective is social learning. The perspective is social learning because a child observing a behavior from an adult will disturb the way they react to the independent variable of the experiment. A questioned raised to continue this study in the future is how much aggression was transmitted through imitation of the aggressive models?It is important to go about studying hypotheses using diffe rent psychological perspectives because it gives us a better and more accurate hypothesis as well as more accurate results. The study I will discuss further is Mallet Aggression (Bandura 1961). The hypothesis explored in this study was subjects exposed to aggressive models would reproduce aggressive reactions resembling their models and would differ in this of both from participants who observed nonaggressive models and those of no prior witnessto any model. They tested the hypothesis with the psychological perspective known as social learning. Mood personality is another psychological perspective because a participants mood if experiencing anger will show that the individual will be destructive with the mallet after learning from the model. An individual could test the hypothesis with the new psychological perspective by bringing in participants experiencing anger and participants who are not experiencing anger and have them observe the model and see what their reaction is.Referen cesRasmussen, Michael K., Pidgeon, Aileen M., (2010) The direct and indirect benefits of dispositional mindfulness on self- esteem and social anxiety, Anxiety, Stress Coping, 24, (2), 227-233.McCabe, K., Yeh, M. (2009) parent- child interaction therapy for Mexican Americans a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Clinical Child Adolescent Psychology, 38, (5), 753-759. 10.1080/15374410903544Bandura, Ross A., D., Ross, S. A, (1961) transmission of aggressive through imitation of aggressive models, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63, (3), 575-582.

Challenges of Raising a Disabled Child Essay Example for Free

Challenges of Raising a Disabled Child EssayCaring for a churl with a deterioration can be challenging due to parenting responsibilities and the difficulties they encounter when interacting with an often unreceptive environment. Consequently, parents can be at increased risk for excessive levels of personal distress which in scrap can adversely uphold the well being of the child and the entire family unit ( implant Sanders, 2007). Parents of children with disabilities can be at an increased risk for psychosocial distress (Parish, Rose, Grinstein-Weiss, Richman Andrews, 2008 Plant Sanders, 2007).The parenting responsibilities for parents of children with disabilities often require a significant amount of time to complete, can be naturally demanding, can disrupt family and social relationships, and can adversely coin caregiver employment (Brannen Heflinger, 2006 Seller Heller, 1997). Perhaps as a consequence of these additional impacts, family caregivers of children wit h disabilities can be at increased risk to experience depression, visible wellness problems, and decreased quality of life (Feldman, et al. , 2007 Ones, Yilmaz, Cetinkaya, Calgar, 2002).The added challenges of caring for a child with a disability may lead to much stress and greater physical and emotional health risks for parents and their families (e. g. , increased conflict with spouse Murphy, Christian, Caplin Young, 2006) compared to families without a child with a disability (Feldman et al. , 2007). This topic is particularly personal for me because I hunch forward first hand the psychological affects and challenges that a handicap child could accept on parents, family members, and friends. My son was two months when I notice that something save wasnt right on with him.I noticed him favoring one side instead of looking straight ahead. I mentioned my concerns to our family doctor. His doctor didnt see it as a problem. She said to alone continue to watch him. Two months p assed and still no change, so at his next appointment I expressed my concern again. I insisted that she run tests on my son immediately. I knew something seemed different I besides couldnt put my finger on it. I had already had two other boys so something just didnt sit right with me. The doctor sent my son to be tested at University of Maryland Hospital and my son was diagnosed with Hydrocephalus Dandywalker Malformation with Palsy.He had to have surgery at six months to have a shunt placement to drain the water from his brain. I was devastated. My husband and I went through several(prenominal) defense mechanisms. The first I believe was denial. We didnt want to cause the fact that something was injure with our child, our baby. He seemed so perfect when he was born just a few months ago. We went through repression, rationalization and intellectualization. We couldnt wrap our minds around the fact that our child would be different from other children. Nobody wants to believe that something is wrong with their child.I felt a comminuted embarrassed for fear of what people might think close our child or what someone would say. So umpteen things raced around my mind. We wanted to blame the doctors maybe they did something wrong in my prenatal care. I went over in my mind again and again of every little thing I did when pregnant to ensure that I had did everything I was supposed to do. I didnt drink, smoke or do drugs. What happened? We tried to search our family business relationship genetics. We just came up empty. My husband and I became depressed, frustrated, and angry. I felt servicingless about my sons contain.I wasnt sure what to do. Finally, I began to ask my sons condition. I read all I could get my hands on. I searched for schools and other medical resources to help me address my sons needs. In the back of my mind I was still trying to make sense of the fact that my son had a developmental and neurological problem that would affect him for the r est of his life. I wondered what restrictions we would face now and in the future. I still wasnt sure if I could cope with his lack of development neurologically, physically, mentally or emotionally. I began to question God. I wondered why me.I wasnt sure if I would have to stop working. I wondered how we as a family would work in concert to stay a family. I had so many questions, but no answers. I prayed asking God for help and guidance. Later, I began to realize that I had to be strong. I had to accept what the reality was with my son and his disability. It hasnt been easy. We faced many financial problems, medical issues, several hospitalizations for my son, divorce daycare issues especially since my son inevitable twenty four hour daycare. Day care is very expensive as well as diapers and wipes for handicapped children.Insurance covers some things but not enough. A person has to be making next to nothing in order to get any facilitateance from the government we needed financi al aid disregardless of what we made monetary. I would have never known what change families went through to get their voice heard and childrens needs assisted unless I had to face these great challenges myself. So much goes into raising a child with disabilities. There are many variables that factor into taking care of a disabled child. pecuniary hardships are another important factor that influences parents wellbeing.In general families with children with disabilities experience much higher expenditures than other families (Newacheck and Kim, 2005) found that, on average, the total annual health care expenditures for children with disabilities were more than three times as much compared to children without disabilities. The financial strain incurred by families of children with disabilities is likely due to increased expenses related to the childs needs as well as loss of employment or inability to work because of parenting responsibilities (Murphy et al. , 2006 Parish et al. 2 008 Worcester et al. , 2008). Inability to engage in employment can in addition lead to feelings of isolation, a lack of fulfillment and low self-esteem (Shearn Todd, 2000). Families of children with disabilities often report feeling isolated from the community (Freedman Boyer, 2000 Worcester et al. , 2008). What Ive learned from exploreing the challenges of raising a child with disabilities as well as being a parent of a disabled child is that there is still so much more to be done. There is still research that hasnt been touched regarding parents and their disable children.We the parents have to be the voices for our disable children. We have to be give out informed about what our disabled children rights are. We have to be willing and ready to fight on behalf of our disable children. Parents and state officials have to work to get better laws passed to accommodate disabled children. Disabled children need better health care programs, better schools a place for them to be them selves. Parents need a place to relax and not have to worry about dirty looks that people who dont have disabled children give them. Parents shouldnt have to feel ashamed that they have disabled children.We shouldnt be looked down upon because our children are different. Our children shouldnt be bullied or treated like they are worthless. Our children are special. They deserve the best that we can help them to achieve in life. They deserve a chance like the rest of us. Weve got to come together and help each other to provide a better life for all The questions we should ask researchers to study are many. One could be whats being done to assist parents with disabled children? Are there programs to assist parents in child care for disabled children?Normal daycare centers are for infants through 12 years of age. As of today my disabled son is 16 years old and theres really no day care for children his age. Another question is why do they go according to parents income in order to assis t with social security disability? A parent shouldnt have to be jobless in order to obtain assistance from social security disability. Yet a person who walks into social security disability and say my back hurt or that they have a condition can obtain money work the system while the truly disabled suffer.There are so many people working the disability system and really arent disabled. We have to help the programs we have for our disabled children actually help the disabled children. In conclusion caring for a child with a disability can be challenging, but many of these challenges are likely due to a lack of necessary environmental supports. Future research should expand on these findings and policy makers, scientists and providers should give particular attention to the environmental support needs of parents in order to create policies and interventions that are more family centered.

Personal Development in Human Relations

Personal Development in pitying RelationsRobert McGregorSection IIs gentleman Relations (HR) an art or a science? Personally, I believe that HR is a science that must be artfully managed to utilize lessons intentional and outperform practices for improving the well-being and effectiveness of employees within the organization. As our planet be occurs interconnected, via satellites and the internet, it is instantaneously just as easy to communicate with someone across the humans as it is someone across the street. Therefore, it becomes increasingly im airant to gain a better understanding of the different pack and different cultures that enrich our every shrinking planet. HR professionals pitch the very important tax of gathering, education, and organizing the human assets who make the difference for an organizations success or failure.According to DeCenzo and Silhanek (2002) Human Relations is the composite of interactions that peculiarityure between people in all aspect s of their personal and professional lives (p. 2). This broad and all-encompassing definition provides a general baseline for the study of HR and its head principles. However, it is necessary to dig mysterio rehearser in revisal to understand the connections and relationships between the people and the organization. In doing so, it becomes possible to unlock the maximum effectiveness of both.The history of Human Relations, or Human Resources, can be traced adventure to England, where masons, carpenters, leather call oners, and other craftspeople organized themselves into guilds They used their unity to improve their failing conditions (Ivancevich, 2010, p. 5). The industrial revolution brought about a significant diversify to the travel environment and shifted the demand for the men. The introductions of machines in manufacturing propellight-emitting diode the need for workers, supervisory programs, and employers to build the complex sunrise(prenominal) society. Time, effi ciency, and productivity became the only metrics of concern in the workplace.As the population increase so did the demand for mass produced products which propelled the demand for the labor force. The people moved from rural and agricultural aras to fill jobs in the exploitation cities. The economical growth spurred the production requirements. As a result, in 1878, Fredrick Taylor, an engineer in Philadelphia began to study worker efficiency in an attempt to find the fastest and best way to do a job. His efforts summarized scientific management, the focus of job efficiencies (DeCenzo Shilhanek, 2002, p. 12)The manufacturing processes brought about bigger organizations which required increasing the number of workers. The workers, in turn, organized and organize unions to communicate their needs to the managers and owners for better pay, benefits, and working conditions. Ivancevich (2010) observed that in the 1920s, more than firms began utilizing personnel departments to brid ge the gap between management and workers.Researchers from Harvard, Elton Mayo, and Fritz Roelthisberger, started a series of experiments to explore how physical working conditions affected worker productivity. Over the course of a decade, their observations led them to shift their focus to interpersonal relations among workers and management. Sundstrom et al. (2000) documented the Hawthorne studies research and prime that employees needs and desires to croak to a group proved more influential than monetary incentives and good working conditions at improving employee productivity. This investigation into human factors and the work environment began human relations movement.Much like the advent of machines during the industrial revolution, todays technology pushes multifariousness to organizations and the labor force they employ. The need for HR is vital now more than ever for firms that want to remain relevant in the global economy. Globalization has forced the concern environm ent to evolve, thus strongly influencing the organizational behaviors of managers and workers of today.Laptops, iPads, and smartphones have mobilized the workplace. In addition, the immediate ability to connect has abolished the nonion of managing locally. Firms now have offices around the nut and supervisors, are no longer limited to their geographic location. They must know and understand their new workforce who live in different countries, practice different religions, and come from vastly different cultures. The HR professional is report to bridging the new geographic, cultural, communication gap that now separates employer and employees. The valuable human relations information necessary to aid organizational communications both linguistically and culturally, emanate is the responsibility of the HR team who must shape and develop the most valuable asset to the firm people.Technology is forever advancing and pushing economic growth. Therefore, change will always be a part of the organizational structure. This means future workplace will be vastly different than what prior generations could have ever dreamed. Meister (2010) predicts that the next decade will usher in companies and origin models that are unimaginable today, and will dramatically change how we live, work, learn, communicate and play. However, people will still be at the core of the sociable club. HR will be needed to continue aiding in the interpersonal relationships necessary to make everything and everyone work unitedly.Section IIMy coursework in Human Relations provided a solid foundation of the three primary areas of study. I found the organizational module especially interesting and selected it as my literature area of emphasis. The organizational aspect of Human Relations provides a significant challenge to the HR professional. Large or small, simplistic or complex, the HR department must understand completely the company and its mission in order to recruit, train, and employ t he best most efficient workforce needed. Ultimately, people make the organization and it is the job of the HR team to fit people into work an environment that will motivate them to work together harmoniously.As a field of study, there are many different facets to the organizational setting that must be considered. The nightspot for Human Resource caution (SHRM) has highly-developed a competency model which details the knowledge requirements the HR professional needs to service of process meet the needs of the company (SHRM, 2016). The organizational behavior, structure, culture, strategy, diversity, and quality of breeding are just a few of the areas of competencies the HR team provides guidance on to the management team when they are strategically managing people as business resources.According to author Stephen Robbins (2014), the goal of studying organizational behavior is to understand and predict human behavior in organizations. Several different specialties, such as psych ology, sociology, and anthropology, contri stille to the comprehensive literature for human behavior. While they are not as concrete as the laws of physics or chemistry, understanding these disciplines allow the HR professional to generalize about human behavior and how it will impact the organization.The organizational structure is identified by Hitt, Ireland, and Hoskission (2015) as the titular reporting relationships, procedures, controls, authority, and decision-making process. The U.S. soldiery has a very ridged and formal chain of command organizational structure however, human behavior still drives the culture and customs. If change is to be do within the organization, it must begin with the people.HR is one of the central vehicles for creating culture change (Grundy and Brown, 2003, p. 171). Many organizations focus on changing the organizations culture in order to improve performance and becoming more competitive in the marketplace. This is best accomplished by aligning the HR strategy with the organizations overall strategy for the business culture. Edgar Schein (2010) defines culture asA pattern of shared basic assumptions well-read by a group as it solved its problems of external adaptation and knowledgeable integration, which has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems.An organization determined to change their current culture will often release a large number of employees such as CSX laying off 1000 managers or Hershey terminating 2000 employees (Utermohlen, 2017, Wattles, 2017) These forceful changes should be made with the HR team in full understanding of the personnel requirements desired for moving forward. They must get the people part ripe then the strategy and execution will happen.A diversity strategy is another important consideration for todays global organizations. As companies branch out into new developi ng countries, it is important to consider the idea of differentiation and integrations. Morgan (2006) refers to this as requisite variety the internal regulatory mechanisms of a system must be as diverse as the environment in which it operates (p. 44). Basically, the employees of a multinational company should reflect the suppliers with whom they work and customers whose business they wish to attract. Humphrey and Stokes (2000) predicts that twenty-first-century caliber supervisors must understand the mean of building a dynamic team is to enhance performance and to grow a successful organization of the future.Diversity is a complex and challenging strategy for the HR leader to manage. Some of the employees within the company will be unwilling to agnise the need to integrate as well as to see the discriminatory nature of their actions. HR must be proactive in protecting the organization from undivideds who fail to understand Federal Employment Laws and potentially jeopardizing the company with potential litigation. Employers must be careful when they treat similarly situated employees differently because discriminatory intent can be proven by every direct or circumstantial evident (Muller, 2013, p. 152). Legal ramifications due to discriminatory practices can destroy an organization. The HR professional should be proactive in training all provide members on the importance of diversity, acceptance, and inclusion as well as the dangers of discrimination.Organizations often depend on human resource professionals to help fight positive relations with employee (Noe et al., 2016, p. 10). I believe the art of human relations management relies on the knowledge, experience, and competence of the HR team and it is a major carry of what makes a business work. A stable and appealing workplace with a content workforce are more likely to attract and retain the best employees, maintain loyal customers and adjust to the ever-changing marketplace.These concepts were very apparent in the organization I was fortunate to work for during my internship. The personnel were very well trained, the work environment provided a comfortable place to work with challenging tasks that made a difference on the world stage. The communication both up and shoot the chain was clear and effective without being condescending or overbearing. Workers were allowed to have meaningful input on assignments and feedback from supervisors was timely and on target. The training and skills I learned both through my classroom literature and my internship experience, prepared me very well for the supranational relations challenges that I will discuss in the next section.The HR professional must be prepared to utilize a wide array of skills, techniques, and competencies to meet the organizations needs for a stable work environment. They should also continually add to their toolbox by remaining current in new trends in the human relations field. However, they can never forget at the end of the day, it is all about the people. The human talent that makes the company great. Authors Sartain and Finney (2003) noted that companies depend more than ever on the unique contributions, passion, commitment, and heart of every single individual within them (p. 104). I am excited about the HR community and its future.Section IIIThis country recently completed a presidential election that will have social repercussions for years to come. The shift in our new government is having a tremendous social impact, both domestically and abroad. It reverberates around the globe as so-called enemies and allies work to determine exactly how to reestablish their relationship with America.During my internship, I experienced first-hand Americas political and social interactions with many other nations information how critical the human element is to the negotiation and agreement on issues important to the national security of our country and its allies.Understanding and relating social t heory to actual social practice is critical when working with the delicate intricacies of human relationships in a highly charged political environment. This is perfectly illustrated by the situation faced by former National Security Advisor Mike Flynn. He ultimately resigned because he allegedly overstepped in his discussions Russian leaders, and his behavior potentially violated the Logan turning (Miller Rucker, 2017). This will be discussed later.Over my 26-year military career, I have held a wide range of positions from Dental Assistant to Helicopter Pilot. However, my brief internship in the unusual Affairs Office for the Commander of Naval Forces Europe has had a profound impact on my understanding of human relations. In my primary function as a pilot, I naturally held leadership positions that correlated with the rank that I held.My aviation units did not have HR departments to hire, train, and help manage workers. As leaders, we merely did it all. I grew inclined to tak ing care of my people and for the most part always giving orders. When a new person reported on board, I reviewed their records and arranged for the training they needed. If they had pay or benefits problems, I sent them to our administrative department to get them fixed. All basic HR functions were handled in-house.Although we had general leadership training, we did not have formal training in human social relations. I gave orders and they were obeyed, if not then the offender was disciplined. Sounds a little draconian, but military units are focused on accomplishing a mission that often puts lives in danger, not for sensitivity groups wanting to get in touch with our feelings. So I grew accustomed to dealing with people in a certain way. This mentality would rapidly change as my internship progressed.Lacking a formal HR department, I chose to do my internship with the local strange Affairs Office. The Foreign Affairs Officer (FAO) is a specific career path in the U.S. dark blue. The officers are specially trained to for a variety of diplomatic assignments around the world.Navy FAOs maintain knowledge of political-military affairs familiarity with the political, cultural, social, economic, and geographic factors of the countries and regions in which they are stationed and proficiency in one or more of the dominant languages in their regions of expertise. (Navy Personnel Command, 2017)These skills I would have to learn through on the job training.The function of the FAO office in Europe is to plan and commit operations, provide liaison with exotic militaries operating in coalitions with U.S. forces, conduct political-social-military activities, and execute military-diplomatic missions. This is known as Theater Security Cooperation.I was assigned to help in the Black Sea department of the FAO office during a unique time. Russia had recently annexed the Crimean Peninsula by force from the Ukraine. Many of our NATO allies were deeply concerned that President Putin would not stop there and continue to push his forces into other neighboring nations and eventually occupy the entire Black Sea region (Treisman, 2016). The FAO office was tasked with coordinating meetings and activities to tranquilize our allies of Americas commitment and support to NATO.In the beginning, my role was to coordinate simple maritime interactions with Turkey, Bulgaria, and Romania. I learned to work with our embassies in those countries to set up port visits by U.S. ships. Having our troops in their cities was a big boost of confidence to our partner nations. I also organized Passing Exercises (PASSEXs), these are maneuvering drills that the ships do together to render honors to each other as they pass. This seemingly simple activity required considerable coordination as numerous messages must be sent back and forth from our commanders to our embassy over to their embassy to their commanders. However, these engagements provide a sense of comradery. In my opinion, it is reflective of the findings from the Hawthorne studies mentioned in earlier which show the strong intrinsic desire for human beings to belong to a group.We continued to plan activities to reassure our allies. I took on the daunting task of arranging and organizing a Secretary of the Defense to visit Constanta, Romania. Another task that sounds simple, however, requires a tremendous amount of preparatory work to execute smoothly. The diplomatic coordination required was astounding to me. Especially in light of the recent Russian and Ukraine hostilities. The minute attention to social protocols and customs were particularly challenging.The visit extremely well, projecting the desired effect of NATO unity. However, I was admonished by my supervisor for failing to delegate. Due to the elegant nature of the information, all the details were reviewed by the senior officers before approval. Trying to do everything myself, and lacking formal diplomatic training, I happen to miss a f ew necessary items that could have impacted the trip. Fortunately, my supervisor caught my errors before they became an issue.Official diplomatic negotiations were another aspect of the FAO liaison duties I was able to observe. The United States and Romania hold to build a U.S. military installation in Romania. The specific details required for construction had to be discussed at length in very formal diplomatic meetings. I was fortunate to attend two of these meetings.The process is long and drawn out with extensive cultural activities that must be considered and observed. Our European hosts enjoyed tour and drinking coffee before a meeting started. It would be offensive if we did not partake in this ritual before getting down to business. This was a big part of the social theories that I had to put into practice.It was interesting that while a lot was said during the official meeting, the real agreements were worked out during the breaks when counterparts could talk offline and come to an understanding. However, as Mike Flynn learned, you have to be very careful what you discuss during these moments. The Logan Act basically forbids any citizen of the United States, from promising or influencing any foreign government or agent thereof, any disputes or controversies without proper authority (Legal Information Institute, 2017). Our partners always want more than we are able to give and it is supreme that we refute them without insulting them. Communicating skills are vital for building successful professional relationships.My final major event was planning, directing, and executing all aspects of the Eurasian union Dive exercise (EP Dive). EP Dive is a multilateral interoperability event, involving over 30 Officers and Sailors from Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Romania, and Ukraine. The goal is to promote Theater Security Cooperation as well as increased maritime stability within the Black Sea Countries.This exercise demanded all of my leadership, communication, and human relations skills without being in a combat environment. I led a team of 4 junior officers. We obtained approval and funding, then planned the facility, the equipment, the translators, and the rooms. We enabled over 30 divers from different countries, with different languages, and different cultures, to conduct coordinated, military, deep sea dive exercises for a week without incident or injury.The EP Dive engagement exemplified the purpose of the Foreign Affairs Office to build cooperation and interoperability while enhancing field of honor security. This is done by engaging the human element in the spirit of friendship and not battle. As an organization, the FAO office faces many challenges, however, through creative use of human relations skills, they work to resolve issues in the European community. Cooperating with diverse international staffs, U.S. Embassies, and U.S. State Department personnel, the organization meets the ever changing demands of our p artner nations.It is exhausting to be critical of this organization as I was completely impressed the FAO department. They are well suited to meet the needs of the international community with whom they work. The staff is exemplary, and they are managed and trained very well in the art and science of human relations. It was a pleasure getting to know some of the smartest people I have ever met. I was immediately accepted as part of the team even though I lacked their formal training and language skills. My supervisor provided solid guidance while still allowing me to learn and operate independently. The demands of the job are never ending as the political climates around Europe change almost day to day. They must continually adapt to fluctuating needs of the partner nations. Therefore, my only cheeration would be for more exceptional personnel to help relieve the stress. Otherwise, they are successful at accomplishing a difficult mission.I truly enjoyed learning by doing. I made m y fair share of mistakes, but I learned from them. Fortunately, the lessons I learned in Grad Studies, the techniques acquired in Stress Management, and the understanding I gained in Organizational behavior helped me adjust right away to the international relations community. I interacted well with foreign counterparts and gained a breadth of experience in relating to a diverse community. I did not cause an international incident, so I would say this internship was a very successful venture. I can now see myself potentially working for the State Department in the future by using the human relations skills that I have learned in this program to make difference help our allies. The European Foreign Affairs Office for Commander of Naval Europe is an organization I would be happy to work for again and one that I would highly recommend as an internship opportunity to future Oklahoma University HR students.REFERENCESDeCenzo, D., Silhanek, B. (2002). Human Relations Personal and Professio nal Development (2nd ed.). upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall.Grundy, T., Brown, L. (2003) Value-based Human Resource Strategy. Burlington, MA Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.Hitt, M., Ireland, R., Hoskisson, R. (2015). Strategic Management Competitive and Globalization Concepts. Boston, MA Cengage Learning.Humphrey, B., Stokes, J. (2000). The 21st Century Supervisor Essential Skills for Frontline Leaders. San Francisco, CA Jossey-Bass/Pfeiffer.Ivancevich, J. (2010). Human Resource Management (11th ed.). modern York, NY McGraw-Hill Irwin.Legal Information Institute. (2017) 18 U.S. Code 953 Private correspondence with foreign governments. Cornell University Law School. Retrieved from https//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/953Meister, J., Willyerd, K. (2010). The 2020 Workplace How Innovative Companies Attract, Develop, and Keep Tomorrows Employees Today. New York, NY HarperCollins Publishers.Miller, G., Rucker, P. (2017, February 14). Michael Flynn resigns as national securit y adviser. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https//www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/michael-flynn-resigns-as-national-security-adviser/2017/02/13/0007c0a8-f26e-11e6-8d72-263470bf0401_story.html?utm_term=.64e02686f459Morgan, G. (2006). Images of Organization. Thousand Oak, CA Sage Publications Ltd.Muller, M. (2013). The Managers Guide to HR (2nd ed.). New York, NY American Management Association.Navy Personnel Command (2017, February). Foreign Area Officer (PERS-473C). Retrieved from http//www.public.navy.mil/bupers-npc/officer/Detailing/FAO/Pages/default.aspxNoe, R., Hollenbeck, J., Gerhart, B., Wright, P. (2016). Fundamentals of Human Resource Management (6th ed.). New York, NY McGraw-Hill.Robbins, S., Judge, T. (2014). Essentials of Organizational Behavior (12th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Education.Schein, E. (2010). Organizational Culture and Leadership (4th ed.). San Francisco, CA Jossey-Bass.Sartain, L., Finney, M. (2003). HR from the Heart Inspiring Stories and Strategies for Building the People Side of Great Business. New York, NY AMACOM.Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM). (2016). The SHRM Body of Competency and Knowledge 2016. Retrieved from https//www.shrm.org/certification/about/ bodyofcompetencyknowledge/pages/default.aspxSundstrom, E., McIntyre, M., Halfhill, T., Richards, H. (2000). Work groups From the Hawthorne studies to work teams of the 1990s and beyond. 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History Of The Millat Tractors Limited

History Of The Millat Tractors LimitedThis w batch report starts with the brief introduction of the Millat Tractors Limited. The introduction consists of participation background, products, objectives, mission and vision statement and dealer network. aft(prenominal) this the report contain a complete financial analysis of the firm and its comparison with its main competitor i.e. Al-ghazi tractors, these dimensions cover either the balances which include the liquidity, leverage, profitability symmetry, activeness and sepa enumeratewise ratios. After this in the end the report contain the literature and article come off from different authors and websites.ContentsCompany ReviewIntroductionThe millat tractors throttle was established in 1964. At that time the main goal of this federation was to introduce and market Massey Ferguson Tractors in Pakistan. In 1967, an assembly plant was set up to assemble tractors in semi-knocked subject condition. In 1972 the company was nat ionalized and started assembling and marketing tractors on the behalf of Pakistan tractor Corporation (PTC), formed by the government of Pakistan to write the tractors in semi-knocked down condition. Later in 1980 the government decided to manufacture the tractor in Pakistan, so they put this responsibility on Pakistan Tractor Corporation (PTC). PTC transferred this role to Millat tractors in 1981. It took only one social class for millat tractors limited (MTL) to manufacture their own tractors, by setting up the first engine assembly plant in Pakistan. In 1984, the MTL set up a manufacturing facilities for the machining of intricate components, which were non available in Pakistan. In 1992, MTL was privatized through management buyout (wikipedia).Mission StatementMillat to be market leader in rustic tractors and machinery, building Companys image through innovation and war-riddenness, grow by expanding market and investing into group companies, ensuring satisfaction to custo mers and s comportholders and to fulfil social obligations (Millat Tractors).Vision StatementMillat to be a global group of companies, recognized for a electron orbit of quality products with innovative design capabilities (Millat Tractors).Business Core ValuesOur customers are our first precessionProsperity of our stakeholdersCorporate social responsibilities to enrich the lives of the community where we operateRecognition and reward for the talented and high performing employeesExcellenceIntegrity in dealings (Millat Tractors).Objectives and strategic PlanningObjectivesThe main objective of the millat tractors in to be a market leader as far as market share and engine room is concerned, in the areas of operations. The objective is in any case to continuously improve the efficiency and competitive strength and to offer the customer the quality products and support services at competitive harms and to their satisfaction. To generate sufficient earnings to en certain(a) a secu re future for the company and to protect and increment the shareholders return through continuously improving the performance. provided the objective is also to enhance the creativity and job satisfaction of the employees by providing opportunities for the personal development. To play a vital role for the society and environment (Millat Tractors).Strategic planningTo make optimum use of ancillary industry in Pakistan to maximize indigenization of tract parts and farm equipment. To create in-house plant facilities for manufacture of components for tractors and otherwise agricultural machinery which standnot be fabricated by the ancillary industry, where investments required are heavy or where technology involved is intricate. MTL will maintain a rigid RD Department to provide technical assistance to local anesthetic manufactures and for product development. Ensure customer satisfaction by providing quality products at competitive prices with warranty insurance coverage and ens uring by and by gross revenue service (Millat Tractors).ProductsMTL has a colossal variety of products which includes tractors for the farmers that range from 50 HP to 85 HP, to fulfil the needs of the farmers for agriculture purpose. These tractors after part be purchased not only against change still also through rely financing. Besides Tractors MTL also offer industrial products like generators, that range from 15 KVA to 40 KVA, forklift trucks and prime movers, that range from 50 HP to 85 HP. MTL also deals in range of generating sets from 27 kVA to 2000 KVA (Millat Tractors).Other than above mentioned products MTL also offers a wide range of agricultural implements like chisel, Disc and mould board plough, tine tillers, offset disc harrow, ridger, front blade, multi-purpose rear blade, agriculture loader, farm trailer, hydraulic tipping trailer, jib crane, post hole digger, lawn mover, and pneumatic pruning sets. MTL also provide a wide range of spare parts throughout th e country (Millat Tractors).DealersMTL has dealers throughout the country to make sure the availability of the tractors. MTL divided the whole country into six regions that are KPK, Northern Punjab, South Punjab, Upper Punjab, Lower Punjab and Balochistan (Millat Tractors).Competitor AnalysisThe main competitor of Millat Tractor is Al-ghazi tractors, as well Al-ghazi in that location are few private tractor manufacturers and Chinese tractors that multiply the competition. Be outset is the financial analysis of both millat tractors limited and Al-ghazi tractors. On the basis of these financial ratios we can study the performance of both the firms. For Financial statements see the appendix. As far as the production and gross revenue of MTL units are concerned a graph from their websites are effrontery below.http//millat.com.pk/wp-content/uploads/image/chart3.JPGSource http//millat.com.pk/?page_id=408Financial RatiosLiquidity RatiosCurrent RatioAlthough the current ratio of both th e firms are great than 1, more thanover the current ratio of Al-ghazi tractors is high(prenominal) than 3 which shows that the company is inefficient to utilize its current assets to pay off the current liabilities. On the other hand the current ratio of MTL is greater than 1 scarcely less than 3 which shows that company is efficiently utilizing its current assets to settle the current liabilities. So on the basis of the current ratio we can feel out that Millat tractor limited is workings more efficiently with their assets as equivalence to Al-ghazi, which has huge current ratio thats shows the inefficiency in content of utilizing the assets. sprightly RatioQuick Ratio shows the companys ability to use the cash and cash equivalents to settle the current liabilities, this excludes the inventory. The ratio of both the companies shows that millat tractor is more efficient as comparison to Al-ghazi. Moreover the ratio is also close to the current ratio which shows that invent ory is well managed by the millat tractors. Although the ratio of Al-Ghazi is much higher than the millat tractors, but the ratio higher than 3 is not a genuine sign. This shows that Al-Ghazi tractors are unable to utilize the cash and cash equivalents to settle the current liabilities collect which their ratio is higher than that of Millat tractors.Inventory to net working capitalThis ratio tells us the extent to which the working capital is tied up in the inventory, although it is less than 1 for both the firms. But in parapraxis of millat tractors it is higher than al-Ghazi which is not a good sign as it shows that lots of working capital is tied up in inventory as par to that of Al-Ghazi Tractors. During the pass course of study however the ratio has decreased in deterrent example of MTL and increased in case of Al-ghazi tractors but Al-Ghazi Ratio is still reject as equalised to MTL. One of the main reason is the higher inventory since last three years of Millat tractor s. One thing to be kept in mind is that these inventories by and large consist of spare parts and agriculture implements.Profitability RatiosGross profit MarginAlthough the gross profit margin of millat tractors are lower as compare to Al-ghazi tractors yet they are earning much on sale as compare to Al-Ghazi. In the year of 2011 Millat tractors report the sale tax income of 24863264 as compare to 14936034 but the reason is the high cost of goods sold. The main reason for the increase in the COGS is the components consumed, which is continuously increase since last four years. According the millat tractors dealers and the website information the millat tractors is continuously increasing its production and achieved the target of 40000 tractors in the year of 2011, which obviously resulted in the increase in the components consumed. Besides components repair and maintenances and spare parts consumed also resulted in the increase of COGS, most of them were covered under the warranty claims. On the other hand in case of Al-ghazi tractors, Components consumed were highest in the year of 2010 and in 2011 the components consumed has decreased because of decrease in production, which also resulted in the decrease of other things like salaries, spare parts consumed and supplies. Due to this reason Millat tractors, that produced 40000 units as compare to Al-ghazi tractors that produces 19936 units in the year 2011, has to case lower gross profit margin as compare to the alghazi tractors. Otherwise as far as sales revenue is concerned, it is much much higher in case of MTL as compare to Al-Ghazi Tractors.Operating Profit MarginFrom the year 2008 till 2010, alghazi tractors has higher operating profit margin because of high sales as compare to COGS and low expenses but in the year 2011 Millat tractors beat the Al-ghazi tractors because of increase in production and sales and lower expenses with respect to the sales. Secondly the revenue from the sales against all the e xpenses are higher for MTL in the year 2011 as compare to the previous year. In the year 2011, alghazi tractors lower their production due to which their revenues also decreased. So the operating profit margin which indicates firms profitability from the current operations excluding reside and tax, is higher for MTL as compare to Al-ghazi tractors.Net Profit MarginAlthough the sales revenue of Millat Tractors are much higher than the alghazi tractors but they have to face high financing cost and taxation. In the year 2011 MTL also has to face a huge deferred taxation from the previous years a commodious with the increase in the finance cost which is the result of increase in loans, accumulating compensated absences and trade and other payables. apportion and other payables were highest in the year of 2010 but decrease in 2011 due to which finance cost also showed some decreasing growth rate. On the other hand Alghazi tractors that produces much smaller material body of tractors a s compare to the millat tractors has to face low finance cost and taxation due to which the ratio is higher.Return on Total AssetsThis ratio calculates the companys earning or profit against the total net assets, the higher the ratio the better it is as it shows that the company is earning more profits as compare to their assets. Initially MTL has to face lower ratio when compare to Al-ghazi because of high growth in net assets and lower growth of profit but in the 2011, when MTL achieved the introduce production of more than 40000 tractors the ratio increased much higher than Alghazi, which faced an increase in total assets with the decrease in net profits. In 2011, MTL has to face a decrease in total assets with the increase in net profit, which shows that the company efficiently apply its assets to generate the profits. So it is not wrong to say that the MTL is much more profitable as compare to Al-Ghazi.Earnings Per ShareThis ratio shows the earnings available to the owners of the common stock and if you see the ratios then it is loose that MTL has a high earning per share which shows that the investors of MTL enjoying the higher profit against their investments as compare to that of Al-ghazi Tractors. So this also shows that MTL is highly profitable as compare to Al-ghazi Tractors.Return on Stock Holders EquityThis shows the rate of return on the stock holders investment. The ratio clearly shows a huge difference between the two companies. In case of millat tractors, the after tax profits are increasing against the decreasing profits of Al-ghazi. This shows that investors are enjoying high profits against their investment in case of MTL as compare to that of Al-ghazi profit, which is facing decreasing after sales profits.Leverage RatiosDebt to Assets Ratio spirited Debt to assets ratio shows that the company depends more on the debt financing, which ultimately increase the risk. Millat tractors shows increasing debt ratio until 2010 but it decreases in 2011. This shows that the company is more dependent on the debt financing rather than its own assets which made this company risky. Increasing EPS and stockholders truth also shows this as they are enjoying higher return which is the proof that the company is risky as higher the risk, higher will be the return. On the other hand Al-ghazis debt ratio is lower than the MTL, though they are also taking debt to finance their operation but the ratio against the total assets is low which shows that the company is less risk and depending for the most part on its own assets as compare to that of MTL, this also results in the lower return. In the year 2011, MTL has dropped in liabilities significantly from the last two year but it also followed by the decrease in the total assets from the last two years. In this case we can say that Al-ghazi is better than the MTL.Debt to Equity Ratio upright like the Debt to asset ratio, Debt to equity ratio of MTL is also high which shows that MTL also depending on Debt financing more than the equity. This ratio suggest that MTL is depending more on the debt financing as compare to equity financing, this makes MTL more risky. On the other hand Al-ghazi tractors has the lower debt to equity ratio, which makes this company less riskier as they depend on the equity financing more than their debt financing as compare to the MTL. In 2011, the debt to asset ratio as well as debt to equity ratio both shows descending(prenominal) trend in case of MTL, which is because of the huge decrease in the total debt of the company which is almost equal to more that 40 million rupees, due to this in that location is the decrease in the ratio in the year 2011.Long-term Debt to Equity RatioThis ratio also show the financing condition of the firm. Higher ratio means that the company is more depending on the long term debt as compare to the equity. High ratio shows the high risk for the firm. In this case Al-ghazi has the higher ratio which shows that Al-ghazi is more dependent on the long term debt as compare to the equity. MTL dependent on the short term financing but in case of al-ghazi they are more dependent on the long term financing due to which their ratio is higher than MTL. This shows that as far as long term debt to equity ratio is concerned Al-ghazi is much riskier than the MTL.Time interest EarnedThis ratio is lower for the MTL as compare to al-ghazi. This shows that Al-ghazi is better in this case. employment RatioInventory TurnoverInventory swage of MTL is much greater than Al-ghazi Tractors which shows that the company is efficient with the inventory and could be able to convert its inventory into sales. though in the previous year that is from 2008 to 2010 MTL is behind Al-ghazi but in the year 2011, MTL is able to convert its inventory into sales more efficiently and effectively frosty Assets TurnoverFixed assets turnover of Al-ghazi is decreasing since the last two year but on the other hand it is continuousl y increasing in case of MTL which shows that the company is more efficiently utilizes its fixed assets to make the sales. Other reason is that MTL non-current assets shows little or negative growth rate with the increasing sales but in case of Al-ghazi sales revenues are decreasing with the increasing fixed or non-current assets.Total Asset turnoverJust like the fixed assets turnover ratio, total assets turnover ratio of MTL is also increasing which shows that the company is efficiently utilizing its assets to generate the sales as compare to that of Al-ghazi Tractors.Other RatiosDividend YieldExcept the year 2011, in which MTL retained most of the earnings, in all the previous years MTL pays higher dividends as compare to the al-ghazi tractors whose dividend fluctuate through out the year. This shows that the investors of MTL received higher dividend as compare to Al-ghazi tractors.Price Earnings RatioMTL PE ratio is increasing which shows that it is faster growing and less risky i n the sense that they fulfil all the risky through the return. On the other hand Al-ghazi shows decreasing trend which shows that they are risky, except it is proved above that MTL is highly risky as compare to Al-ghazi but MTL cover the risk through the return as compare to Al-ghazi so it could not be wrong to say that MTL is faster growing and more profitable as compare to Alghazi tractors.Dividend Payout RatioMTL Dividend payout ratio is increasing which shows that they are not retaining earning and paying more dividends in cash rather than retaining them. Other the other hand Al-ghazi is retaining more than MTL and not paying much dividend as cash.Other CompetitorsOther than these two public listed companies there is a private company with the observe of Fecto Belarus Tractors which is basically a private Russian company and has been working since 1962. This company has also participated in many government schemes like Green tractor and Awami Tractor schemes. But this company i s very small and not so much appreciated by the farmers. According to the information given on their website they have produced only 4000 tractors in the year 2010 and 2011 (Fecto Belarus).Other than this there are few Chinese imported tractors but as per government rules there are very high barrier to the external tractors to support the local market. But if the Government could not able to address the problems the company is facing right at present then these low price and low quality Chinese tractors will find their way into Pakistan, which will result in the major threat to the local industry.Literature ReviewArticle both main tractor manufacturing units Al-Ghazi Tractors and Millat Tractors have suspended their production after plummeting of their sales as levy of 16 pct GST has made the farm machinery costlier and Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited has stop tractor loans to the cash starved farmers for the past two years.Millat Tractors Limited and Al-Ghazi Tractors Limited account for virtually all of industrys yearly output of more than 72,000 tractors.A senior administrator of Millat Tractors told Business Recorder here on Friday that tractor sales nosed down to 12,000 from July to December 2011 as against 30,000 tractors during corresponding period of last year. The industry sold 70,770 tractors from July 2010 to June 2011, he added.He said tractor manufacturers have suspended procurement of parts from their vendors as there are already several thousand unsold tractors dumped at their plants and nationwide dealership network. Tractor prices surged by Rs100,000 to Rs. 200,000 a piece depending on engine horse power after imposition of 16 per cent GST in March last year plunging the industry in turmoil and endangering investment of billions of rupees, he added.He said since ZTBL had suspended credit to farmers for purchase of tractors for two years and high interest rate of commercial banks loans, tractors are beingness purchased only by those limited nu mber of affluent growers who pay net cash. He lamented that prices of cotton have utterly deriveen to a new low, farmers are not getting payment of sugarcane produce in cash, on the contrary, prices of fertilisers and other agri-outputs have skyrocketed, wherefore the cash deficit small farmers have no money to purchase tractors.The executive suggested that the Punjab government should provide tractors to the unemployed people instead of taxis as a tractor is economically more useful and employment generator than a car/taxi Pakistan Association of Automotive Parts and Accessories Manufacturers Manufacturing held an emergent meeting here on Friday to review the socio-economic impact of tractor manufacturing units closure in the short and long run as they have stopped buying parts of tractors from the vendors spread all over the country. talk to this scribe PAAPAM moderate Nabeel Hashmi said that thousands of auto parts manufacturing units which provide 92 percent parts to the tra ctor industry are laying off their 0.5 million workers after closure of tractor manufacturing units.He said imposition of 16 percent General Sales Tax has not only ruined the tractor manufacturing industry but has also had fatal repercussions on the agri economy and engineering and vending industry. Hashmi pointed out that due to decline in tractor sales, the government is not getting any additional revenue, therefore it should immediately withdraw this tax to make cost of tractors cheap for overwhelming majority of small farmers who own less then 12 acres land.PAAPAM chairman warned that as tractors are of prime importance to the agricultural sector itself, the agriculture and rural economy would grossly suffer with dangerous consequences if the government did not take immediate remedial measures (Goraya, 2011).ExplanationIn this article Mr. Goraya told about the effects of general sales tax on the sales of the tractors. According to him the increase sales tax reduces the sales o f the tractors in the country. Moreover the Zarai Tarakiyati bank was is responsible to give the loans to the farmers for the purchase of the tractors along with the other agricultural tools also stopped giving loans to the farmers due to which only those farmers who could afford the purchase of the tractors on the full cash basis could buy the tractors. This had the very adverse effects on the tractors industries as because of this the inventories which are unsold increased and many units goes unsold. Due to the increase in the taxes and the non availability of the loans the amount of the unsold tractors increased from 12000 units to 30000 units. Moreover because of the GST the prices of the tractors increases by 200000 rupees because of which farmers who were dependent on the loans, are at present unable to purchase the tractors due to which the sales goes down, with the decrease in production. According to the sales person of millat tractors limited the production of millat trac tors decreased from 40000 to 32000 units because of the last year unsold inventory. Moreover in the article it is suggested that except giving the yellow cabs schemes, government should provide tractors to increase the employment and to save the industry the government should reduce the taxes so that this automobile industry could move forward with any threat.ArticleThe last few years have been great if you were a tractor manufacturer. The industry has grown by a CAGR of more than nine per cent annually over the last five years with the exception of FY08 when it registered negative growth. This is on the back of a write out deficit whereby the demand for tractors and agricultural implements (taken on a cumulative basis when we talk about tractors) has been racing despite the hullabaloo of structural weaknesses in economy. This is because the local tractor industry is a derivative of the agricultural sector which forms the backbone of our economy and is the leading source of employ ment for our labor force. Therefore, as the population grows, which it will careless(predicate) of the era in question demand for agricultural produce will grow, resulting in continuous demand for tractors in Pakistan. The linkage between tractors and the agriculture sector is therefore clear for all to see. Previously, industry growth was thought to be relatively immune from decelerating trends in agriculture a view which was given flavour by observing FY09 and FY10 when the industry grew 13 per cent and 14 per cent respectively despite downturn in the agronomy with in-turn depressed growth rate (four per cent and two per cent respectively). Any good analyst would surely decipher that this is not a concrete relationship as sooner or later any business/industry will be affected by the economic environment it operates within. And it now has. The imposition of 17 per cent sales tax in March 2011, coupled with declining agro product prices which dented farmer income, will start takin g its toll on the industry and its participants. The recent flier sent to the KSE by one tractor manufacturer (Al-Ghazi tractors) substantiates this view Following the imposition of 17 per cent sales tax in March 2011 tractor bookings started falling tinge of 16 per cent sales tax on tractors, announced in the Financial Bill of the year 2011-2012, continues to jeopardise the companys sales. This has been spoiled further by the fall in cotton pricesThere are two main players in the tractor manufacturing industry, namely Millat Tractors Limited (MTL) and Al-Ghazi Tractors Limited (AGTL), which account for virtually all of industry output. Of these, MTL, with its best-selling(predicate) brand Massey Ferguson, holds 61 per cent market share in terms of total tractor sales and has experienced significant growth in the turnover since FY07. The company has developed a track of breaking records by achieving an off-take of 30,244 in FY09 and then surpassing it in the subsequent year to 40 ,836 tractors. As per the official statistics released by the Pakistan railway car Manufacturers Association (PAMA) the company has achieved sales of over 42,000 tractors in FY11 while the total tractor industry stood at 70,000 tractors sold during the year. Advanced bookings a measure often used to gauge demand increased by 81 per cent during FY10 40,836 tractors pre-booked in FY09 to 74,000 tractors pre-booked during FY10. This figure is expected to drop as substantiated by the press release given above. Talking about the tractor industry as a whole, forming a holistic view of the key demand drivers of the tractor industry is imperativeKEY INDUSTRY crave DRIVERSGovernment IncentivesThe Benazir Tractor Scheme aims to incentivise the purchase of 20,000 tractors by subsidising the tractor up to 50 per cent. The program aims to provide a subsidy up to Rs200,000 per farmer leading to more affordable tractors. Given the tight fiscal position of the GoP further extension/incentivisati on in this program is unlikely. Therefore, we view this program lacking in its true essence on account of an absence of both ability and willingness on behalf of the government to encourage farmer development.AffordabilityA 17 per cent tax levied on tractor production in the Finance Bill announced in March was initially projected to raise tractor prices by 10-15 per cent. However, after accounting for the cumulative impact of the imposition in tractor inputs as well, final tractor prices have gone up by 20 per cent. This is a serious jolt to farmers for whom tractors have gone beyond the reach of affordability. farmer IncomeAgricultural prices had shot up in the recent past. However, they have witnessed a sharp decline inline with fall in commodity prices globally. Pakistans agricultural produce has been the said(prenominal) as an example, cotton prices have fallen to the 5,500 mark after seeing highs of over 13,000 per maund. This has impacted farmer income and therefore, they are less willing to spend upon tractors as they simply cannot afford to.Farmer CreditSqueezing of loans by the Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited (ZTBL), especially to farmers who own less than 12 acres of land, tractors are being purchased only by those who pay net cash. Given the fall in farmer income, the lack of credit in the market does not make a cash purchase viable for farmers. Indeed investment in such times is hardly the priority for farmers whose lifestyle limits him to focusing on only the necessities of life.Tractor sprightlinessAccording to FAO, ideal horsepower available per hectare should be 1.4, versus the current 0.9 in Pakistan. Increasing horse power utilisation would imply increasing the total number of tractors by more than 250,000 (55 per cent) highlighting the growth potential of the sector. Given the dearth in farmer awareness, a change in this trend seems unlikely.CompetitionHigh barriers to entry due to heavy capital outlay in establishing a distribution network re duce the threat of competition arising. Further, due to the high ablation levels (percentage of cost from locally manufactured inputs) soaring upto 90 per cent, Pakistani tractors trade at a significant discount to international counterparts, thereby making the import of tractors unfeasible and impractical.Given the above demand outlooks, future prospects of tractor manufacturers surely seem weak. But why should this be as alarming as it sounds? Tractor manufacturers have had it good over the past few years operating at near 100 per cent utilisation levels. They have built their asset bases and have enjoyed periods of fond profitability. Given that the two manufacturers have not been forced to engage in a price war and that both operate at nearly postcode leveraging, the reserves built-up should be substantial in sustaining them through a down period. However, tractors are of prime importance to the agricultural sector itself, and while some rationalization can be expected, a tot al fall from grace would have a far reaching impact on the agronomy in the lasting run in terms of efficiency and growth (Khan).ExplanationThis article tells us that the tractor industry is the back bone for our economy. This industry was seeing the growth rate in the past but recently has to face many problems like GST, Inflation, expensive vendors. This articles also tell us that the MTL is the market leader with the 61 percent of market share as compare to its major competitor Al-ghazi, so it is in a strong position. This article also discussed different demand drivers. prime(prenominal) of all the government support, although government is claiming to help the farmers by subsidizing the tractors through different schemes but still there is a lack of commitment and care of the government towards this industry. Secondly the affordability, with the increase in the GST, farmers are unable to afford such a expensive tractor, which was available for 15 lac two years back and now it is available for 20 lac rupees. Thirdly the farmer income, with the increase in population along with inflation it would be hard for the farmers to support their families and with the increase in the price of the tractors farmers could not buy the tractors as they also have to afford my other lives. Forth the loans, with the increase in bad debts and non performing loans the only bank for the farmers i.e. Zarai Tarakiyati bank stopped giving loans and increased their interest rates so farmers are unable to get the loans for the purchase of the tractors, this also multiply the difficulties for the farmers. Lastly the competition, as there are high barriers of entry to international firm to enter into the Pakistan market no intern

The Consequences Of Melting Polar Ice Caps Environmental Sciences Essay

The Consequences Of Melting Polar Ice Caps Environmental Sciences EssayThe cold frappe caps that we knock against today have reconcilen centuries to form and they ve been dissolve from time to time in order to form lakes and rivers that are essential not only for animal and plant life, but for humans as well all oer the world. Furtherto a greater extent, as precipitation takes its toll the screwball caps that melt gets replaced by fresh play false that is later on over time converted to ice. Thus it is safe to say that the resolve of the north-polar ice caps is a median(prenominal) occurrence, however it becomes a problem when the ice caps melt at a fast rate and turning into urine supply fast-paced and in more cadence than the fresh snow replacing it.This is the current situation of most of today s polar ice caps all over the world. As they reduce in size, stability, and strength they eventually break off and melt away thereby increasing sea levels among other things .The major consequences of melting polar ice caps rear be said in the following order below1. Global Warming.We are currently experiencing warm up temperatures all over the world today as temperatures have gvirtuoso high, and global warming is becoming more alarming day by day. This rise in temperature helps polar ice caps melt faster than it should be. Ice caps have even disappeared in certain parts of the world due to this. The melting of the polar ice caps increases global warming because ice glaciers deflects or bounces off about 80% heat from the sun and retain or absorb about 20% of it. However, when cheer falls on earth, only 20% of the heat is deflected and 80% is absorbed. This in turn increases sea water temperatures, melting ice faster causing the earth to get warmer.2. Shortage of Fresh Water. demesne looks sort of enveloped and covered with water when seen from space which causes people to think that we are self-sufficient with water. However, this is just the oppo site as most of the water that we can see from space in pictures is just salt water that is not good for human use and only 2% of it is considered as freshwater good bounteous for human use in which 70% of it comes from ice caps and glaciers. People in certain parts of the world depend on this fresh source of water for not only drinking but for agricultural purposes as well. in that location are certain areas around the Himalayas that are currently in crisis due to this peculiarly in dry months as populations rise.3. Reduced Agricultural Output.To begin with, for the areas where agriculture mainly depends on rain, they win t be effected by melting of the ice caps. However these areas are few around the world. Areas that are affected are those that depend on fresh water coming from ice caps and glaciers. When ice caps keep on melting there will be lesser fresh water for agriculture which will make the lands dry and not desirable for agriculture thus reduce the total output leadi ng to a shortage in harvest.4. Excessive Flooding.There are ice caps all over the world and it should be understood that the difference between polar ice caps and ice caps is that the later are present also on lands. Melting of these ice caps causes excessive flooding which is very(prenominal) dangerous for the people and animals that are living in those areas as it would destroy homes, habitats, and lives. Furthermore, polar ice caps and ice glaciers on higher(prenominal) altitudes melt faster which form new lakes and raise river water levels as well causing floods. This is also a cause of concern as when these river water levels rise and lakes burst, they lead to major disasters destroying everything crossing its path.5. Rise In Sea Level.As the polar ice caps melt at a faster rate, the more the sea levels rise. The consequences of this will be of dire magnitude and people living in shoreal regions all over the world will have to move and live somewhere else, thereby decreasing amount of living space, due to soil erosion, flooding, and their fresh water being contaminated with salt water of the sea.It has been estimated that the sea level rising 1mm to 2mm per year. It has also been estimated that in the U.S there will be a 3-foot rise in sea level in the Gulf coast which will lead to the deluge of more tha 22,000 square miles of land.6. Habitat Loss.There are plenty of animals, birds, and even leanes that depend on the polar ice caps and its temperatures for their survival. There are fishes depend on food such as phytoplankton and sea-plants that are semiaquatic near the ice caps and there are birds such as snow owls that depend on these fishes near the ice caps and animals and humans who depend on certain birds for food. They are all connected. As sea water temperatures get warmer and sea levels rise, the sea plants in which these fishes feed off n live on will eventually die out n disappear and this in turn will lead to the increase in the death toll of fishes and birds will reduce due to lack of fishes to feed on, making survival for birds very difficult. Thus disturbing the whole ecosystem. Furhtermore the reduction of fishes has an impact on the polar bear as they have much less to feed on forcing them to take long journeys away from their habitat which also forces to eat what they don t normally eat. This journey is a risky one as some of the polar bear don t make it alive an die on the way as there are many threats as starvation and threats underwater such as killer whales and sharks. Seals, whales, and walruses are also adapting to this change to migrating patters which makes hunting for them by natives very difficult thus leaving the natives without food as well. In addition to the melting of the ice caps, blocks of ice are breaking off forcing seals to give bith underwater which causes many of the pups to die by dr ingesting. Also separation occurs due to breaking of the ice at young ages leading to higher mortality rat es.7. Coral Reefs Will Vanish.Coral reefs need sunlight for photosynthesis not only for their own survival but also for the survival of the various types of fishes that depend on it. As sea levels rise higher making waters deeper, the presence of sunlight under water becomes lesser as the sunlight becomes harder to reach the coral reefs. This in turn corrupts the quality of corals and may even kill them. Certain fishes won t survive as they depend on the reefs for food and this will later have an impact on people who depend on fish for survival.8. Recontamination Of Earth.Most people today have never even heard DDT and such pesticides as they were banned all over the world geezerhood ago. These substances were airborne and eventually wounded up in cooler areas near the ice caps and polar ice caps. Unfortunately the story doesn t end there as most of these harmful airborne chemicals got trapped inside the polar ice caps and glaciers, which later chunks of ice melt and break off, the chemicals, are then released subscribe into the environment in seas, rivers, and lakes containing glaciers.9. Melting Of The Polar Ice Caps Affects The Whole World.The melting of the polar ice caps is not only limited to specific parts of the world. The rapid melting of the ice is a global concern and its consequences affect the whole world in every continent, especially when it comes to global warming.ConclusionIn conclusion, the consequences of the melting polar ice caps are not only limited to specific areas of the world but rather are a global consequence and one that has many concerns and should be dealt with immediately because the polar ice caps are still melting and sea levels are rising, effecting us all over the world as mentioned above. Unfortunately nothing can be done about the rapid melting of the polar ice caps at the moment but global warming is a major factor in the rapid decrease of the ice caps and everyone should contribute to reduce global warming as a first step.

The Scopes Monkey Trial :: American America History

The Scopes Monkey Trial In a tiny courtroom in the county of Dayton Tennessee, the jury settled into their seats, ready to return the verdict in the or so controversial case of the 1920s, the scopes monkey tribulation. Up to this point, the exertion it ego had been a media spectacle the lawyers, the witnesses, even the suspect had become media icons in the commercialism of the twenties. The foot race it ego was set up to be a media demonstration to challenge the constitutionality of the butler act. This actprohibited the teaching of some(prenominal) theory that denies the story of the divine creation of man as taught in the bible, and in particular, the theory of maturation. the the Statesn civil liberties union petitioned for a teacher to challenge this statute john Thomas scopes, the local high school get over coach and science teacher accepted the challenge and stood trial for teaching evolution the previous spring. Over the course of the trial Charles Darrow and William Jennings Bryan, the attorneys on the case, debated each other profusely. Eventually Bryan even testified to the truth of the biblical story, even though he was massacred by Darrow upon examination. Despite all that the trial stood for, the most lasting aspect of the trial was that it brought the media into the courtroom, and the courtroom into the daily life of the American citizen. The most common association with the trial is as an example of the debates that raged during the 1920s this case particularly described the date between the conservative religious movement and the new liberalized ideas of evolution. The case is most lots referred to for, and most commonly associated with, the debate between science and religion. The scientific change had its roots in the arguments of the trial. Because of this, scientific thought becomes very prominent and also with this, self consciousness is elaborated upon. With the clear understanding of why mankind is self conscious, commercia lism and consumerism start booming like never before (Gerstein 14) the monkey trial opened peoples eyes, as well as their pocketbooks consumerism flourished much so now because people could use reasoning to justify the spending that they did. each religion in the world preaches some form of love for others and admire for humanity, while science, and especially evolution, advocate the survival of the fittest organism. By developing a scientific outlook on life, people felt less indebted to their generation and instead found themselves concentrating on material possessions.The Scopes Monkey Trial American America HistoryThe Scopes Monkey Trial In a tiny courtroom in the county of Dayton Tennessee, the jury settled into their seats, ready to return the verdict in the most controversial case of the 1920s, the scopes monkey trial. Up to this point, the trial itself had been a media spectacle the lawyers, the witnesses, even the defendant had become media icons in the commercialism of the twenties. The trial itself was set up to be a media demonstration to challenge the constitutionality of the butler act. This actprohibited the teaching of any theory that denies the story of the divine creation of man as taught in the bible, and in particular, the theory of evolution. the American civil liberties union petitioned for a teacher to challenge this statute john Thomas scopes, the local high school track coach and science teacher accepted the challenge and stood trial for teaching evolution the previous spring. Over the course of the trial Charles Darrow and William Jennings Bryan, the attorneys on the case, debated each other profusely. Eventually Bryan even testified to the truth of the biblical story, even though he was massacred by Darrow upon examination. Despite all that the trial stood for, the most lasting aspect of the trial was that it brought the media into the courtroom, and the courtroom into the daily life of the American citizen. The most common association with the trial is as an example of the debates that raged during the 1920s this case particularly described the battle between the conservative religious movement and the new liberalized ideas of evolution. The case is most often referred to for, and most commonly associated with, the debate between science and religion. The scientific revolution had its roots in the arguments of the trial. Because of this, scientific thought becomes very prominent and also with this, self consciousness is elaborated upon. With the clear understanding of why mankind is self conscious, commercialism and consumerism start booming like never before (Gerstein 14) the monkey trial opened peoples eyes, as well as their pocketbooks consumerism flourished more so now because people could use reasoning to justify the spending that they did. Every religion in the world preaches some form of love for others and respect for humanity, while science, and especially evolution, advocate the survival of the fittest organism. By developing a scientific outlook on life, people felt less indebted to their contemporaries and instead found themselves concentrating on material possessions.

Pretentious Mothers in Williams’ The Glass Menagerie and Amy Tans’ Two

In the play The scum Menagerie by Tennessee Williams and the short story Two Kinds by Amy Tan, a theme of embattled soften is established through the association with their children. Williams wearisome Amanda is an overpowering, delusional Southern belle mother. Dead set on finding her slightly handicapped daughter Laura a suitable husband, and dictating how her creative, yet bored, son Tom should support himself in life. Amanda, through her nagging and domineering instructions over everything each of her children do, from how they eat, to how they should live out their lives, pushes them into psychical seclusion. The subsequent overbearing behavior by Amanda in due course drives Tom away leaving Laura in complete solitude with her mother. In a likewise manner, Tan depicts her character Suyuan as a very ambitious overconfident Chinese mother with visions of grandeur for her daughter Jing-Mei. Suyuan after being influenced by a television show decides that Jing-Mei is to become a child prodigy. Through strict educational instructions, she drives Jing-Mei to a point of contentious revolt. The consequences of Suyuans authoritarian handling to make Jing-Mei a star result in an outburst, after a talent show, causing a deep rift of silence in the midst of the cardinal that lasts for twenty years. The parental domineering nature of Amanda in The codswallop Menagerie and Suyuan in Two Kinds ultimately fail to force any lasting influential direction on their children, compelling them to follow only if contradictory paths than the ones preferred by their mothers, forcing their children into rebellion. Nonetheless both mothers wield strong authority over their children, and the motives lavatory their dictatorial bidding are directly rela... ...ious sensual and mental control over her daughter to become a child prodigy results in a belligerent resistance by Jing-mei. The confrontation between Suyuan and her daughter ultimately drives a rift betwee n the two that lasts for many years. In summary Amanda and Laura would count to have yielded similar disappointing results by their endeavors to control the destinies of the children. Works CitedTan, Amy. Two Kinds. Kirszner, Laurie G. and Stephen R. Mandell. Literature Reading, Reacting, Writing, Compact Seventh Edition. Ed. Karen Mauk. 7th. Upper charge River, New Jersey Michael Rosenberg, 2009. 694-702.Williams, Tennessee. The Glass Menagerie. Kirszner, Laurie G. and Stephen R. Mandell. Literature Reading, Reacting, Writing, Compact Seventh Edition. Ed. Karen Mauk. 7th. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Michael Rosenberg, 2009. 1628-1677. Pretentious Mothers in Williams The Glass Menagerie and Amy Tans Two In the play The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams and the short story Two Kinds by Amy Tan, a theme of embattled control is established through the association with their children. Williams long-winded Amanda is an overpowering, delusional Southern belle m other. Dead set on finding her slightly handicapped daughter Laura a suitable husband, and dictating how her creative, yet bored, son Tom should conduct himself in life. Amanda, through her nagging and domineering instructions over everything each of her children do, from how they eat, to how they should live out their lives, pushes them into mental seclusion. The subsequent overbearing behavior by Amanda in due course drives Tom away leaving Laura in complete solitude with her mother. In a likewise manner, Tan depicts her character Suyuan as a very ambitious overconfident Chinese mother with visions of grandeur for her daughter Jing-Mei. Suyuan after being influenced by a television show decides that Jing-Mei is to become a child prodigy. Through strict educational instructions, she drives Jing-Mei to a point of contentious revolt. The consequences of Suyuans authoritarian treatment to make Jing-Mei a star result in an outburst, after a talent show, causing a deep rift of silenc e between the two that lasts for twenty years. The parental domineering nature of Amanda in The Glass Menagerie and Suyuan in Two Kinds ultimately fail to force any lasting influential direction on their children, compelling them to follow entirely contradictory paths than the ones preferred by their mothers, forcing their children into rebellion. Nonetheless both mothers wield strong authority over their children, and the motives behind their dictatorial control are directly rela... ...ious physical and mental control over her daughter to become a child prodigy results in a belligerent resistance by Jing-mei. The confrontation between Suyuan and her daughter ultimately drives a rift between the two that lasts for many years. In summary Amanda and Laura would appear to have yielded similar disappointing results by their endeavors to control the destinies of the children. Works CitedTan, Amy. Two Kinds. Kirszner, Laurie G. and Stephen R. Mandell. Literature Reading, Reacting, W riting, Compact Seventh Edition. Ed. Karen Mauk. 7th. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Michael Rosenberg, 2009. 694-702.Williams, Tennessee. The Glass Menagerie. Kirszner, Laurie G. and Stephen R. Mandell. Literature Reading, Reacting, Writing, Compact Seventh Edition. Ed. Karen Mauk. 7th. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Michael Rosenberg, 2009. 1628-1677.